| Definition of the literary feature |
Selected texts illustrating the feature |
| 7.1. Narrative or thematic correspondences, or overlap
of specific wording, occur between the non-biblical text and one or more
biblical texts in a manner that is prominent or pervasive. (This point
is based on a synchronic comparison and makes no assumptions about
historical priority except for explicit quotations and similar
phenomena.) |
|
| 7.1.1. Characters correspond between the non-biblical narrative and the narrative of a biblical text or texts. |
|
| 7.1.1.1. Some or all main characters of the text correspond to main characters in a biblical partner text. |
Jubilees, LAB |
| 7.1.1.1.1. A main character shared with a biblical partner text is also the first-person narrator of the text. |
GenApocNoah/Abram part-texts, TJob |
| 7.1.1.2. The text's main character is a minor character in Scripture. |
|
| 7.1.1.2.1. That character is also the first-person narrator of the text. |
1Enoch |
| 7.1.1.3. Only minor character(s) of the text correspond to character(s) in a biblical text(s), whether minor or major. |
1Bar, Tobit |
| 7.1.1.4. The first-person narrator of the text is a non-biblical character. |
Tobit |
| 7.1.2. Chronology, physical
setting or emplotment correspond between the non-biblical narrative and
the narrative of a biblical text or texts: |
|
| 7.1.2.1. The narrative's
chronological and spatial framework, as well as certain events, are
co-extensive with that of a biblical partner text, or with some extended
part of it. |
1Bar |
| 7.1.2.1.1. The text tends
to narrate the story through events described in approximately the same
amount of detail as a biblical partner text. |
Jubilees, LAB |
| 7.1.2.1.2. The narrative is
told in more detail than that of a biblical partner text, or contains
more components that slow down the narrative pace. See 4.6, 4.12 or
4.13. |
TJob, GenApoc part-texts |
| 7.1.2.1.3. The text tends
to narrate the story through events described in less detail or through
fewer events than a biblical partner text. |
Sibyl.Or., 1Bar, GenApoc part-texts |
| 7.1.2.1.4. Some of the
narrative's sub-plots or episodes, mostly corresponding to those of a
biblical text, differ from each other in the amount of detail provided
if compared to the biblical text. |
LAB, Jubilees |
| 7.1.2.1.4.1. Among the sub-plots or episodes with more detail are some or all of the ones that have no biblical counterpart. |
LAB (25:2 ff.); Jubilees |
| 7.1.2.2. While the narrative
or some part of it covers the same chronological-spatial ground or plot
as a biblical text, it lacks extended speeches of law-giving, prophecy
or other kinds found in that biblical text. |
LAB Ex. 20ff., etc.; TJob |
| 7.1.2.3. The narrative is
located at a particular point ("niche") in a chronological-spatial
framework also known from a biblical text, but there is no overlap in
the narrative substance. |
Tobit, Judith, 4Ezra |
| 7.1.3. There is prominent
use of explicit quotations of biblical wording, whether in non-narrative
or in narrative (but for lemmatic commentaries see section 6). |
Damascus Document, Tosefta (also Mishnah), Targum Esther Sheni |
| 7.1.4. The text shares
features of language with the Hebrew Bible, or exhibits tacit overlap
with specific biblical wording, whether narrative or not. |
|
| 7.1.4.1. There are pervasive
biblical linguistic features (vocabulary, morphology or syntax) or a
pervasive use of unspecific biblical language, such as generic biblical
phrases or single words. |
Sirach, 1QpHab, Wisdom, 1Bar, LAB, 4Ezra, 4Mac |
| 7.1.4.2. The text contains
prominently, but not necessarily frequently, the wording of specific
biblical passages such as whole sentences or unique biblical phrases,
used in a tacit manner. See also 8.1.4.1. |
Jubilees, 4Ezra, Sefer Yetsirah, 1QS opening column, Psalms of Solomon |
| 7.1.4.2.1. The tacit
overlap of specific wording extends regularly to whole sentences or to
extensive sentence groupings, found alongside sentences or sentence
parts not found in that biblical partner text. |
Sirach, LAB, [the hypothetical Hebrew original of Jubilees] |
| 7.1.4.3. The tacit overlap
of wording takes place across language boundaries, with respect to the
current language of the text. (Point 6.13 does not apply, as there is no
complete representation of a biblical text in another language.) |
LAB, Greek compositions using LXX, Sirach, Jubilees |
| 7.1.5. The projected persona
of the governing voice of the text, whether narrative or not, is also
known from a biblical text; or the governing voice takes an epistemic
stance similar to that of a biblical text. |
4Ezra, GenApoc part-texts, Jubilees (Angelic narrative), Prayer of Manasseh, Sirach, Targum Onkelos Genesis, Wisdom |
| 7.1.5.1. The projected
first-person persona of the governing voice is also a character in a
biblical text. (In the case of narratives, this point will duplicate
7.1.1.1.1/7.1.1.2.1.) |
4Ezra, GenApoc, Jubilees (Angelic narrative), Wisdom |
| 7.1.5.1.1. The persona
appears to be linked to that character as it specifically appears in
that biblical text, not merely as it might be known from diffuse
cultural knowledge. |
Jubilees (Angelic narrative) |
| 7.1.5.2. The projected
first-person persona of the governing voice is presented as identical
with or as an extension of the persona of the governing voice of a
biblical text. |
Wisdom, Jubilees |
| 7.1.5.3. The epistemic
stance of the governing voice (narrative or not, first person or not)
can be interpreted as falling into the same generic category as one of
the following stances also adopted in biblical texts: |
4Ezra, Jubilees, Prayer of Manasseh, Sibyl.Or. 5, Sirach, Targum Genesis Onkelos |
| 7.1.5.3.1. The conveyance of personally received verbal or visual revelation: prophecy model. |
4Ezra (in particular frame chapters), 1Enoch, Sibyl.Or. 5 |
| 7.1.5.3.2. The omniscient
narration, as in Genesis-Joshua; or unrestricted knowledge of a
described reality, similar to Genesis 1. |
LAB, Jubilees, Targum Onkelos Genesis; Sefer Yetsirah |
| 7.1.5.3.3. The plea to God of human prayer or supplication, as in Psalms. |
Prayer of Manasseh |
| 7.1.5.3.4. The conveyance of wisdom on the basis of personal experience or learning, as in Proverbs, Qohelet. |
Sirach, Wisdom of Solomon |
| 7.1.6. The range of themes
in the non-narrative text is wholly or nearly contained within the
specific range of themes found also in a biblical text. (Does not apply
to 6.1 commentaries in relation to their base text.) |
Temple Scroll |
| 7.1.7. The sequence of
themes in (at least) substantial parts of the non-narrative text is
tacitly isomorphic with the sequence of themes in a biblical text. |
|
| 7.1.8. The non-narrative
text pervasively or prominently presupposes the narrative fabric of
biblical events/reported speech, beyond the contents of any specific
biblical wording it may quote. |
|
| 7.1.8.1. The text presupposing biblical narrative fabric has a thematic structure of discourse or description. |
4Mac, Sirach, Damascus Document |
| 7.1.8.2. The text presupposing biblical narrative fabric is a lemmatic sequential commentary on some part of the Hebrew Bible. |
1QpHab, all exegetical Midrash |
| 7.1.9. While sharing the
basic narrative-chronological framework of biblical texts, the narrative
also mentions characters or events which presuppose a potentially quite
different framework. |
Tobit (Ahiqar), 1EnWatchers (Gilgamesh) |
| 7.2. Narrative or thematic correspondences, or overlap
of specific wording, occur between the non-biblical text under
discussion and other non-biblical texts in a manner that is prominent or
pervasive. This point is based on a synchronic comparison and makes no
assumptions about historical priority except for explicit quotations. It
is thus reciprocal between texts if they are both in the Inventory
corpus. |
|
| 7.2.1. There is a
correspondence of characters; this may include the persona projected as
the governing voice of the current text. |
GenApoc, Jubilees |
| 7.2.1.1. This also constitutes a correspondence with a biblical text (7.1.1). |
GenApoc, Jubilees |
| 7.2.2. The overall
chronological and spatial framework of the narrative, as well as certain
events, are substantially or prominently co-extensive with that of a
non-biblical narrative or with some extended part of it. |
Jubilees, LAB |
| 7.2.2.1. The narrative is
located at a particular point ("niche") in a chronological-spatial
framework also known from another non-biblical text, but there is no
overlap in the narrative substance. |
|
| 7.2.2.2. This co-extension
also constitutes a co-extension with a biblical text; or, this "niche"
relationship also constitutes a "niche" relationship with a biblical
text. See 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.3. |
Jubilees-LAB |
| 7.2.3. There are explicit
quotations or instances of explicitly marked expressive use of wording
from a non-biblical partner text |
BerR, Mekhilta, Sifra, Sifre Deut (all with Mishnaic wording); tBQ (Mishnah); Targum Esther Sheni; |
| 7.2.4. The wording or
specific theme of self-contained thematic units is occasionally
identical to those of another non-biblical text (or part-text), without
being marked as quotations from that other text. This point only applies
if extensive wording overlap (7.2.6), thematic range inclusion (7.2.8)
or thematic isomorphism (7.2.9) does not apply; it only applies to
non-narrative; and it does not include, for practical reasons, the
Tractates of Mishnah/Tosefta in their overlap with other works of
rabbinic literature (but other works fall under this point). |
Many works of rabbinic literature |
| 7.2.4.1. Such overlapping units are found in text types which differ from each other in their thematic arrangement. |
Sifra-Mishnah, Yerushalmi-BerR, b/yBaraitot - Tosefta |
| 7.2.4.2. It is common for
such overlapping units to be marked as the speech of a character or as
anonymous quoted speech in one or both of the texts. |
most of rabbinic texts |
| 7.2.4.3. Such overlapping units occur within what is, by other structural signals, manifestly the same text (or part-text). |
Sifre Deut, BerR, yBQ, bGit |
| 7.2.5. There are prominent single allusions to specific wording found in a non-biblical partner text. |
|
| 7.2.6. There is extensive
tacit overlap with the wording of a non-biblical partner text, whether
in narrative or in non-narrative texts. |
Mishnah-Tosefta, 1Bar |
| 7.2.6.1. The text presents
statements as anonymous (or in the governing voice) which are also
anonymous (in the governing voice) in a partner text. |
Mishnah, Tosefta |
| 7.2.6.2. The text assigns to a character statements which are anonymous in a partner text. |
many Tosefta Tractates, mMaaserot |
| 7.2.6.2.1. The character
thus quoted is also the person traditionally identified as the redactor
or tradent of the anonymous parts of a partner text. |
tBetsah 2:9/ mBetsah 2:3 |
| 7.2.6.3. The text presents statements as anonymous which are assigned to a character in a partner text. |
many Mishnah Tractates |
| 7.2.6.4. The extensive wording overlap takes place across language boundaries. |
|
| 7.2.6.5. The extensive
wording overlap takes place in a thematic environment or in a cotext
(narrative, thematic, lemmatic, dialectical conversation, rabbinic
homily) different from that of the wording in the partner text. |
|
| 7.2.6.6. The 7.2.6 wording overlap also constitutes wording overlap with a biblical text. |
|
| 7.2.7. The projected
first-person persona of the governing voice of the text, whether
narrative or not, is also known from another non-biblical text. |
GenApoc (Jubilees/1En) |
| 7.2.7.1. The projected first-person persona is identical with a character in another non-biblical text. |
GenApoc (Jubilees, 1En) |
| 7.2.7.1.1. The persona
appears to be linked to that character as it specifically appears in the
other text, not merely as it might be known from diffuse cultural
knowledge. |
|
| 7.2.7.2. The projected
first-person persona is presented as identical with or as an extension
of the persona of the governing voice of another non-biblical text. |
|
| 7.2.7.3. The 7.2.7 overlap also constitutes an overlap with a biblical text. |
GenApoc |
| 7.2.8. The range of themes
in the non-narrative text is wholly or nearly contained within the
specific range of themes found also in another non-biblical text. (Does
not apply to 6.1 commentaries in relation to their base text.) |
Mishnah-Tosefta |
| 7.2.9. The sequence of
themes in (at least) substantial parts of the non-narrative text is
tacitly isomorphic with the sequence of themes in another non-biblical
text. |
Mishnah-Tosefta |
| 7.2.9.1. Shared themes occur
largely or entirely in the same sequence, albeit separated by other
themes. [DELETE OR KEEP as applicable: These themes may be supporting
arguments.] |
many Mishnah Tractates, Tosefta Tractates, 1Bar, 4Mac |
| 7.2.9.2. Characteristic
thematic or formal groupings of sentences (e.g. 9.3, 9.4, 9.4.4/5) occur
approximately at the "same" point (as defined, for example, in relation
to neighbouring groupings) in the other non-biblical text. |
many Mishnah Tractates, Tosefta Tractates |